Análisis de legibilidad de formatos de consentimiento informado para pruebas genéticas en México / Readability analysis of informed consent forms for genetic tests in Mexico

Resumen Introducción: Es importante conocer si el documento que ampara el consentimiento informado (CI) del paciente a quien se le realizan pruebas genéticas de laboratorio (PGL) es legible y comprensible. Objetivo: Analizar la legibilidad de documentos de CI para pruebas genéticas de laboratorio (PGL) en México. Métodos: Se analizó la legibilidad de 10 formatos de CI libres en internet utilizados para PGL mediante el programa Legible.es; se evaluó índice de Flesh, versión de Fernández Huerta, y la escala INFLESZ. Se contabilizó el número de sílabas, palabras, frases, párrafos y palabras raras, tiempo para leer el documento y años de escolaridad mínima para entenderlo. Resultados: Se identificó que 60 % de los formatos de CI analizados son poco legibles. En promedio, se contabilizaron 3290 sílabas, 1459 palabras, 124 frases, 58 párrafos y 52 palabras raras. El tiempo requerido para la lectura fue de siete minutos y la escolaridad mínima de seis años. Conclusiones: Los formatos de CI analizados tuvieron bajos índices de legibilidad y exceden el número recomendado de palabras. Proponemos un modelo de CI para PGL en México, que cumple con los índices de legibilidad para la correcta comprensión del documento.

Abstract Introduction: Knowing if the document that supports the informed consent (IC) granted by the patient who undergoes genetic laboratory tests is legible and understandable is important. Objective: To analyze the readability of IC documents for laboratory genetic tests (LGT) in Mexico. Methods: Readability of 10 free IC forms on the internet used for LGT was analyzed using the Legible.es program; the Flesh index, Fernández-Huerta version, and the INFLESZ scale were evaluated. The number of syllables, words, phrases, paragraphs and strange words, time to read the document and minimum years of education required to understand it were counted. Results: 60 % of the analyzed IC documents were found to have poor readability. On average, 3,290 syllables, 1,459 words, 124 sentences, 58 paragraphs and 52 strange words were counted. The time required for reading it was seven minutes and minimum level of education to understand it was six years. Conclusions: The analyzed IC forms for LGT have low readability rates and exceed the recommended number of words. We propose an IC model for LGT in Mexico that complies with appropriate readability indexes for a correct understanding of the document.

Protocolo de Teleodontología para Asistencia al Paciente en el Manejo de Urgencia Dental. Cuarentena COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Categorización Remota de Urgencia Dental y Asistencia (C.R.U.D.A.) / Teledentistry Protocol for Patient Assistance in Emergency Dental Management. Quarantine COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Remote Categorization of Dental Emergency and Assistance (C.R.U.D.A. for its Spanish Acronym)

RESUMEN: En el contexto de cuarentena debido a la pandemia SARS-CoV-2, la odontología ha migrado a mecanismos remotos de atención para categorizar emergencias y urgencias. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia de protocolos validados de teleodontología aplicado al triaje remoto de urgencia en la literatura. Por ello, proponemos el instrumento denominado "Categorización Remota de Urgencia Dental y Asistencia" (C.R.U.D.A), aplicado a un protocolo de teleodontología. Para la construcción del protocolo, usamos la metodología de investigación-acción, un ciclo de autoreflexión frente al problema existente que buscamos solucionar, un espiral repetitivo de ciclos de planeamiento, acción, observación sistemática y reflexión, con el que fuimos perfeccionando el instrumento de forma colaborativa y rigurosa. Los objetivos del protocolo son estandarizar, optimizar y automatizar el proceso de categorización de urgencia dental gracias a su especificidad, disminuyendo el tiempo y complejidad de su aplicación a gran escala, permitiendo descongestionar el sistema de salud, y disminuir el riesgo de exposiciones innecesarias, protegiendo de esta forma al personal clínico y pacientes. Al mismo tiempo, su nivel de legibilidad permitiríamejorar la comunicación y orientación al paciente. En definitiva, el protocolo propuesto es viable y cumple con las características para optimizar el proceso de teletriaje actual, potenciando la atención personalizada entre odontólogos y pacientes. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar estudios de aplicabilidad y validez, además de incorporar las mejoras correspondientes según los errores o defectos detectados por pacientes y cirujano dentistas.

ABSTRACT: In the context of quarantine due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, dentistry has migrated to remote care mechanisms to categorize emergencies and casualties.However, there is no evidence of validated teledentistry protocols applied to remote emergency triage in the literature. Therefore, we propose an instrument called "Remote Categorization of Dental Emergency and Assistance" (C.R.U.D.A., for its Spanish acronym), applied to a teledentistry protocol. For the construction of the protocol, we used the action-research methodology, a self-reflection cycle to solve an existing problem, a constant repetition of planning, action, systematic observation, and reflection, with which we perfected the instrument in a collaborative and rigorous way. The objectives of the protocol are to standardize, optimize and automate the process of categorization of dental emergencies thanks to its specificity, decreasing the time and complexity of its application on a large scale, allowing to decongest the health system and to diminish the risk of unnecessary exposures, thus protecting clinical staff and patients. At the same time, its level of readability would allow for improved communication and patient orientation. In short, the proposed protocol is viable and meets the characteristics to optimize the current teletriage process, enhancing personalized attention between dentists and patients. However, it is necessary to carry out applicability and validity studies, in addition to incorporating the corresponding improvements according to the errors or defects detected by patients and dental surgeons.

Medicine package inserts from the users' perspective: are they read and understood? / Bulas de medicamentos sob a perspectiva dos usuários: elas são lidas e compreendidas?

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The written information on medicines has been acknowledged as an important tool for health education. Objective: To analyze the use and understanding of medicine package inserts by users and assess sociodemographic and medical factors associated with their comprehension. Method: Data in this analysis are part of the PNAUM National Survey - a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in Brazil. Descriptive statistics and the Pearson χ2 tests were performed to compare proportions between sociodemographic and medical characteristics, as well as use and understanding of medicine package inserts. Results: A total of 28.427 individuals responded to questions related to medicine package inserts. From these, 59.6% (95%CI 57.7 - 61.5) said they usually read the inserts, and 98.4% (95%CI 98.0 - 98.8) considered them necessary. Among people who read the medicine package inserts, more than half indicated difficulties with legibility (57.4%; 95%CI 55,2 - 59,6) and readability (54.1%; 95%CI 52.1 - 56.1). People from a lower education level reported greater difficulty in understanding them. Conclusion: The larger portion of the population usually read medicine package inserts. Nevertheless, people have difficulty in reading and understanding them.

RESUMO: Introdução: A informação escrita sobre medicamentos tem sido reconhecida como uma ferramenta importante para a educação em saúde. Objetivo: Analisar o uso e compreensão de bulas de medicamentos pelos usuários e avaliar fatores sociodemográficos e médicos associados ao seu uso e compreensão. Método: Osdados nesta análise fazem parte da PNAUM - um estudo transversal de base populacional realizado nas cinco regiões brasileiras. Estatísticas descritivas e teste de χ2 de Pearson foram utilizados para comparar proporções entre características sociodemográficas e médicas, uso e compreensão das bulas. Resultados: Um total de 28.427 indivíduos responderam a questões relativas a bulas. Desse total, 59,6% (IC95% 57,7 - 61,5) responderam que geralmente leem as bulas e 98,4% (IC95% 98,0 - 98,8) as consideraram necessárias. Entre as pessoas que leram as bulas, mais da metade indicou dificuldades de legibilidade (57,4%; IC95% 55,2 - 59,6) e de leiturabilidade (54,1%; IC95% 52,1 - 56,1) das bulas. As pessoas com menos educação relataram maior dificuldade em compreendê-las. Conclusões: A maioria da população tem o costume de ler as bulas, no entanto as pessoas consideram-nas difíceis de ler e compreender.

Comunicação entre laboratório clí­nico e usuários: Análise da legibilidade de instruçõees de coleta como instrumento de gestão da qualidade na fase pré-analí­tica / Communication between clinical laboratory and its users: readability analysis of collection instruction leaflets as a quality management tool for preanalytic phase

Introdução: A comunicação na saúde pública é uma ferramenta de promoção da saúde e acesso à informação. A melhoria da comunicação entre o laboratório clínico e os usuários constitui um direito do usuário do serviço público de saúde e também apresenta potencial para a diminuição de erros de análise provenientes da fase pré-analítica e consequente melhoria da segurança do paciente. Este trabalho teve o objetivo avaliar a adequação da linguagem escrita utilizada na comunicação entre o laboratório clínico e os usuários bem como sua influência da qualidade da fase pré-analítica do processo laboratorial. Materiais e Métodos: Foram analisadas instruções de coleta (IC) da Divisão de Laboratório Clínico (DLC) do Hospital Universitário da USP (HU/USP), de setembro de 2014 a agosto de 2016. Na primeira fase, os parâmetros de linguagem e legibilidade das IC foram avaliados pelos índices Fernández-Huerta (IFH), Flesch-Szigriszt (IFS), utilizando os programas de informática TextMeter® e INFLESZ®. Os textos de IC foram traduzidos para o espanhol e utilizados para validação dos índices IFH e IFS para a língua portuguesa. Na segunda fase, as IC foram reestruturadas e os parâmetros de linguagem e legibilidade foram analisados e comparados com as IC anteriores. O perfil sócio educacional dos usuários e uma lista dos problemas relacionados obtenção de amostras de biológicas foram obtidos na DLC. Resultados: Quanto aos parâmetros de linguagem, o número de linhas por IC, de palavras proparoxítonas e polissilábicas foi similar entre as IC anteriores e novas (p>0,05). Enquanto que o número de termos técnicos e de palavras por frase foi menor, e número de orações subordinadas e coordenadas e ordem inversas das palavras foi maior nas IC novas (p<0,05). O escore do IFH (58,4 ± 8,8) foi menor que o do IFS (62,3 ± 6,8, p=0,019) para 27 IC anteriores, mas não diferiu para as 40 IC novas (p=0,162). Os escores de IFS e IFH das IC novas em português foram similares aos das traduzidas para o espanhol, o que é indicativo de que esses índices são validos para a língua portuguesa. Os índices IFH e IFS de textos didáticos usados para avaliar o grau de escolaridade foram similares para o ensino fundamental (EF) I e II, mas foram menores para os dois últimos anos do ensino médio (EM). O número de IC com índices de legibilidade correspondentes aos textos didáticos destinados ao o 3º ano do EF II (32,7%, n=10) foi menor que o número de IC novas (52,5%, n=21), mas a diferença não foi significativa (p=0,280). Os percentuais de gênero e a cor autodeclarada foram similares entre as duas fases do estudo. Entretanto menos jovens (<34 anos), mais idosos (>50 anos) e mais usuários com EF, EM e ensino superior completo foram atendidos, na segunda fase do estudo (p<0,05). Foram identificadas mais falhas de orientação na primeira fase (n=11) que na segunda (n=22) mas sem diferença significativa (p=1,000). Conclusão: Os parâmetros de linguagem e legibilidade melhoraram após a reestruturação das novas IC. A análise de legibilidade contribui para a comunicação do laboratório clinico com os usuários e pode influenciar positivamente a qualidade da fase pré-analítica do processo laboratorial

Introduction: Communication in public health is a tool to promote health and access to information. The improvement of communication between the clinical laboratory and the users constitutes a right of the public health service user and it is presents potential for the reduction of analytical errors from the pre-analytic phase and consequent improvement of patient safety. This work aimed to evaluate the adequacy of the written language used in the communication between the clinical laboratory and the users as well as its influence on the quality of the pre-analytical phase of the laboratory process. Materials and Methods: Collection instruction leaflet (CIL) from the Clinical Laboratory Division (DLC) of the University Hospital of USP (HU/USP) were analyzed from September 2014 to August 2016. In the first phase, the language and readability parameters of the CIL were evaluated by the Fernández-Huerta indexes (IFH), Flesch-Szigriszt (IFS), using the TextMeter® and INFLESZ® software programs. CIL texts were translated into Spanish and used for validation of the IFH and IFS indexes for Portuguese language. In the second phase, the CIL were restructured and the language and readability parameters were analyzed and compared with the previous CIL. The socioeconomic profile of the users and a list of problems related to obtaining biological samples were obtained in the DLC. Results: Regarding the language parameters, the number of lines per CIL and the proparoxytone and polysyllabic words was similar between the previous and new CIL (p> 0.05). While the number of technical terms and words per sentence were smaller, and number of subordinate and coordinated sentences and inverse order of words was higher in the new CIL (p<0.05). The IFH score (58.4 ± 8.8) was lower than the IFS score (62.3 ± 6.8, p = 0.019) for 27 previous CIL, but did not differ for the 40 new CIL (p = 0.162). The IFS and IFI scores of the new CIL in Portuguese were similar to those translated into Spanish, which is indicative of the fact that these indices are valid for the Portuguese language. The IFH and IFS indexes for didactic texts used to assess the educational level were similar for elementary education (EF) I and II, but were lower for the last two years of secondary education (MS). The number of CIL with readability indexes corresponding to the didactic texts for the 3th year of EF II (32.7%, n=10) was lower than the number of new CIL (52.5%, n=21), but the difference was not significant (p=0.280). The percentages of gender and self-reported color were similar between the two phases of the study. However, young adults people (<34 years), older people (>50 years) and more users with EF, MS and complete higher education were attended in the second phase of the study (p<0.05). More guiding failures were identified in the first phase (n=11) than in the second (n=22) but no significant difference (p=1,000). Conclusion: The language and readability parameters improved after the restructuring of the new CIL. The readability analysis contributes to the communication of the clinical laboratory with the users and can positively influence the quality of the pre-analytical phase of the laboratory process

Predictores de una interacción eficaz entre madre e hijo/a en contextos de riesgo psicosocial / Predictors of an Efficient Interaction between Mother and Child in Psychosocial Risk

RESUMEN Este estudio analiza la influencia de las prácticas, las metas, la representación materna de las propias acciones y la predictibilidad de prácticas y metas según los hijos/as sobre la interaccion madre-hijo/a observada en una tarea colaborativa. Las participantes fueron 82 diadas en riesgo psicosocial. Las madres reportaron las prácticas y las metas en situaciones hipotéticas y la representación de la propia acción en la interacción; los hijos/as, la predictibilidad de las prácticas y las metas de las propias madres. Los modelos de regresión muestran la influencia negativa de las prácticas coercitivas y restrictivas, la influencia positiva de la representación de la acción y de la predictibilidad de prácticas y metas en la dinámica de la interacción madre-hijo/a.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the influence of the practices, goals, maternal representation of their action and the child's readability of practices and goals on the mother-child interaction observed during a collaborative task. The participants were 82 dyads at psychosocial risk. The mothers reported their practices and goals in hypothetical situations and the representation of their actions in the interaction. Children reported the readability of mothers' practices and goals. The regression models showed the negative influence of the coercitive and restrictive practices, the positive influence of the maternal representation of their child-rearing actions and the child's readability of the practices and goals on the dynamic of the mother-child interaction.

Research and practice on readability test of Danshen Capsule for registration as THMPs in EU / 中草药

The package leaflet is a legal document relevant with drug information, which plays an important role for instructing the rational use of the medicinal product for the patient population. During the registration application in the EU countries, the patient readability test on package leaflet is the essential requirement to ensure the leaflet information easy-to-understand and avoid any risk caused by misunderstanding. The readability research on package leaflet can improve its quality and drug use safety to patients. Currently, CFDA does not publish any regulation/guidance on the drug application in China. By the successful case of registration application of Danshen Capsule as the herbal medicine in the EU, this paper not only discusses the relevant requirements of readability test in the EU, but also offers the regulatory advice on future regulations of readability research of the pharmaceutical products in China.

Readability of Patient Information Leaflets in Clinical Trials

BACKGROUND: Elements of informed consent including capacity, disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and permission of the participant, are all crucial for clinical trials to be legally and ethically valid. During the informed consent process, the patient information leaflet is an important information source which prospective research subjects can utilize in their decision-making. In the adequate provision of information, KGCP guideline necessitate 20 specific items, as well as the use language that individuals can understand. This study measures the vocabulary level of patient information leaflets in an effort to provide an objective evaluation on the readability of such material. METHODS: The word difficulty of 13 leaflets was quantitatively evaluated using Kim kwang Hae's vocabulary grading framework, which was compared to the difficulty level of words found in the 6th grade Korean textbook. The quantitative outcomes were statistically analyzed using chi-squared tests and linear by linear association for ordinal data. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the vocabulary level and frequency of words in leaflets and the 6th Korean textbook. The leaflets were on average 260 sentences and about roughly 15 pages long, including lay language (easier or equal to language used in primary school) of around 12% less; technical language of around 4.5% more. As the vocabulary grades increase, there was a distinct difference in vocabulary level between Korean textbook and each information leaflet (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patient information leaflets may fail to provide appropriate information for self-determination by clinical trial subject through the difficulty level of its wording. Improvements in the degree of patients' understanding and appropriate use of information leaflets are collaboratively equipped to strengthen patient's autonomy and therefore guaranteeing participant's rights.

Readability of the Product Labelling Information of Over-The-Counter Pharmaceuticals in Convenience Store

BACKGROUND: Since November 2012, some of over-the-counter (OTC) medications have been sold in convenience store without pharmacist' s supervision. We purposed to examine if the product labels of OTCs provide sufficient information that is appropriate for consumers who may have low health literacy. METHODS: We compared the difficulty of words that are utilized in pharmaceutical product labels of interest (intervention) with those in the 6th grade textbook (control). Pharmaceutical products of interest were comprised of 13 OTCs which have been sold currently in convenience stores. We grouped words into the 4 levels of difficulty based on the Korean Vocabulary Classification for Education, and statistically tested words frequency in each level between OTCs and control. RESULTS: The 13 OTC labels included lay language (easier or equal to language used in primary school) about 10% less; professional language about 10% more (p < 0.001 in all). Labels for analgesics had the longest and most difficult information, followed by common cold preparations, muscle pain relievers as plaster or cataplasma and digestives. CONCLUSION: The 13 OTC labels might fail to provide appropriate information for safety use by consumers in terms of the difficulty level of words. The improvement of labels of OTC medications and consumer education strategies are called for safety use of OTC medications sold in convenience stores.

Complejidad textual, lecturabilidad y rendimiento lector en una prueba de comprensión en escolares adolescentes / Textual Complexity, Readability and Reading Performance on a Comprehension Test in Adolescents School

En este artículo se estudia el problema de la lecturabilidad -la dificultad intrínseca de los textos para ser comprendidos- desde una perspectiva psicolingüística. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer en qué medida la lecturabilidad de un texto depende no solo de sus propiedades estructurales (complejidad lingüística), sino también de las habilidades del lector y de la naturaleza de las tareas de comprensión. Se realizó una investigación de tipo cuasiexperimental en la que se construyeron dos pruebas de comprensión de lectura, manipulando la complejidad de los textos. Las pruebas incluyeron ítems para medir diversos aspectos de la comprensión según un modelo de evaluación basado en un enfoque teórico psicolingüístico. Las pruebas fueron aplicadas a 208 escolares de tres tipos de establecimientos educativos distintos. Los resultados de los análisis estadísticos de los datos permiten confirmar la hipótesis de que la lecturabilidad de los textos no depende solo de las propiedades textuales, sino de la relación de estas con las características de los lectores y las tareas de comprensión definidas en las pruebas.

In this paper, the problem of readability is studied from a psycholinguistic perspective. Readability is the intrinsic difficulty of texts to be understood. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent the readability of a text depends not only on its structural properties (linguistic complexity), but also the skills of the reader and the nature of comprehension tasks. An experimental research was carried out, in which two reading comprehension tests were developed by manipulating the complexity of texts. The tests included items to measure various aspects of comprehension according to an evaluation model based on a theoretical psycholinguistic approach. The tests were applied to 208 participants in three different types of schools. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the readability of texts depends not only on the textual properties, but also on the relationship of these with the readers' characteristics and the comprehension tasks defined in the tests.

Patients’ Information Leaflets: Its’ Influence on Ophthalmic Patient Education and Medication Compliance.

Aims: To investigate the influence of patient information leaflets on Ophthalmic patients’ education and medication compliance. Study Design: Hospital-based cross- sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Optometry, School of Physical Sciences, UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana, between September 2012 and May 2013. Methodology: A semi - structured questionnaire with sections on patient demographics, patient information leaflets impact on therapeutic education, and medication compliance, was administered to 400 ophthalmic review patients in three eye care facilities in Central Region of Ghana. Patient information leaflets (PILs) of common ophthalmic medications prescribed in these eye centers were also reviewed and assessed on their readability using the Rudolph Flesch’s readability ease calculator. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS version 19. Pearson’s Chi-square statistical analysis was used to test for significant association between variables. Results: Of the 400 ophthalmic patients, 140 (35%) were males and 260 (65%) females The mean age was 50.2 ± 19.5. Patients had varying opinion on the purpose for the PIL: 228 (57%) thought the PIL only gives instructions on the use of the medication; 108 (27%) did not know why the PIL have been provided. The remaining 64 (16%) provided no response. There was significant association between higher educational level and reading of the leaflet (P < 0.001). The kind of ophthalmic condition one suffered had a positive influence on reading the PIL ( X2=28.594, P < 0.001). A greater proportion of the patients (88.04%) said various components of information on the leaflet were beneficial in ensuring compliance to therapy. All the PILs from the five different companies (where medication were obtained for retail) had very low readability score (0-29) except some PILs of topical analgesic drug. The low readability score indicated that the text was difficult to comprehend; the reason for which most patients did not read the leaflets. Most patients 91(99%) who read the PILs indicated that they were beneficial but were difficult to understand. Conclusion: Ophthalmic patients’ opinion on patient information leaflets was reasonably good and had a positive influence on patients’ medication compliance. It however, did not have much influence on patient education due to low readability and comprehensible.

Avaliação da legibilidade de folhetos informativos e literacia em saúde / Evaluation of health literacy and the readability of information leaflets / Evaluación de la legibilidad de folletos Informativos y literacia en salud

OBJETIVO: O bom uso dos folhetos informativos dos medicamentos depende, entre outros fatores, da sua legibilidade e da literacia do utilizador, respectivamente a clareza em identificar letras, palavras e frases impressas e a capacidade em compreender e usar essa informação. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a possível relação entre uma medida de literacia funcional em saúde e a legibilidade de um folheto de um medicamento anti-inflamatório não-esteróide, esta última avaliada pela diretriz Europeia específica. Numa amostra de 53 participantes, recrutados no ano de 2010 numa farmácia da região de Lisboa (Portugal) e que apresentavam literacia variável, não se encontrou relação entre o nível de literacia e os vários parâmetros de apreciação da qualidade e legibilidade de um folheto informativo.

OBJECTIVE: The proper use of information leaflets for medications depends, among other factors, on its readability and on users' literacy, i.e. the ability to clearly identify letters, words and sentences and the ability to understand and use that information. The study purpose was to investigate the possible relationship between a measure of functional health literacy and the readability of a leaflet for a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine, the later assessed by the appropriate European guideline. In a sample of 53 urban participants, recruited in 2010 from a pharmacy in Lisboa (Portugal) and with varying literacy, statistical analysis found no relationship between the level of literacy and the various parameters to assess the quality and readability of an information leaflet.

El buen uso de los folletos informativos de los medicamentos depende, entre otros factores, de su legibilidad y de la literacia del usuario, respectivamente la claridad para identificar letras, palabras y frases impresas y la capacidad en comprender y usar tal información. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar posible relación entre una medida de literacia funcional en salud y la legibilidad de un folleto de un medicamento antinflamatorio no esteroide, evaluada por la directriz Europea específica. En una muestra de 53 participantes, reclutados en el año de 2010 en una farmacia de la región de Lisboa (Portugal) y que presentaron literacia variable, no se encontró relación entre el nivel de literacia y los diferentes parámetros de apreciación de calidad y legibilidad de un folleto informativo.

Compreensão de leitura de alunos surdos na rede regular de ensino / Reading comprehension of deaf students in regular education

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a compreensão de leitura de alunos deficientes auditivos inclusos nas classes regulares de escolas públicas com e sem apoio pedagógico especializado. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo observacional analítico com 35 alunos com perda auditiva neurossensorial, com e sem apoio pedagógico (Sala Apoio e Acompanhamento à Inclusão - SAAI). Todos foram submetidos ao Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras (TCLP), Teste de Nomeação de Figuras por Escolha de Palavras (TFN) e Teste de Competência de Leitura de Sentenças (TCLS). RESULTADOS: Nos testes relativos à compreensão de palavras (TCLP e TFN), os resultados estatísticos não apontaram diferença no desempenho dos alunos deficientes auditivos que frequentam e não frequentam apoio. Em relação à compreensão de leitura de sentenças, a aplicação do TCLS também não mostrou diferença entre os grupos de alunos deficientes auditivos. Houve correlação significativa entre idade e série, indicando que quanto mais velho e maior o nível de escolaridade do aluno melhor será seu desempenho na leitura de sentenças. Os resultados apontam que alunos deficientes auditivos, independentemente da frequência ao apoio (SAAI), leem melhor palavras do que sentenças. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença na compreensão de leitura entre os alunos deficientes auditivos que recebem e não recebem acompanhamento pedagógico especializado.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the reading comprehension of deaf students included in regular classrooms of public schools with and without specialized educational support. METHODS: Observational analytic study with 35 students with sensorineural hearing loss, with and without educational support. All subjects were assessed with the Word Reading Competence Test (WRCT), the Picture-Print Matching Test by Choice (PPMT-C), and the Sentence Reading Comprehension Test (SRCT). RESULTS: In the tests regarding comprehension of words (WRCT and PPMT-C), the results showed no difference in the performance of deaf students who attend and do not attend educational support. Regarding reading comprehension of sentences, the application of the SRCT also did not show differences between the groups of deaf students. A significant correlation was found between age and grade, indicating that the older the students and the higher their educational level, the better their performance in reading sentences. The results indicate that deaf students, regardless of attending educational support, read words better than sentences. CONCLUSION: There is no difference in reading comprehension between deaf students who receive and do not receive specialized pedagogical monitoring.

Evaluation of the Readability of Teacher's Guide Book for Nutrition Education-Sugar, Na, Trans Fat / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study is attempted to propose a quality evaluation method of the materials for nutrition education by applying readability test of printed materials for nutrition education. It is significantly important for the teaching class with nutrition education materials to consider students understanding level and education materials topics or choosing words in developed printed materials. This study performed an evaluation of the readability of text in teachers' guidebook, which is devised for elementary school students' education material about sugar, sodium and trans-fat and attempted to estimate the developing materials through analyzing difficulty level of the text. We utilized "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity" that had been developed for elementary school by Ministry Education Science and Technology, as the readability evaluation standard. Compared with the average score of readability about "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity", 72.94 +/- 6.85, "Sugar Guidebook" was 70.94 +/- 7.46, "Sodium Guidebook" was 68.76 +/- 14.50, and "Trans-fat Guidebook" was 58.87 +/- 10.79. Considering the subjects careers or ages, "The Teacher's Guidebook for Cooking Activity" has little deviation by the subjects careers or ages and was "intermediate" or "easy" level; however, "Sugar Guidebook", "Sodium Guidebook", "Trans-fat Guidebook" was "intermediate" or "difficult" level (p < 0.05). Readability score was especially low when the contents of some particular subjects were too professionalized or scientific terms were frequently used, and thes results were definitely seen in the "Sodium Guidebook" and "Trans-fat Guidebook". With Cloze test score, the readability evaluation will be using as an evaluation tool for the nutrition education materials.

Readability of Patient Information on Hypertension in Korea

BACKGINFORMAROUND: Patient education is an important component of family practice. Pamphlets and the websites have been one of the most common resources for patient education. Patient information has been assessed using criteria with marks allocated for its content, design, readability. Up to present there have been studies on content, design but not readability. The WHO identifies readability as an essential tool for people to increase control over their health. Therefore, patient information should be assessed readability. The objective of our study was to assess patient information leaflets and the websites on hypertension to determine the readability of information currently available to patients. METHODS: Ten leaflets were reviewed, five form the internet and five from other sources. A total of ten subjects were assessed for readability using 'grading system of vocabulary' presented by the Academy of Korea Education in 2002. RESULTS: In five leaflets, about 41.3% vocabularies were comprised of 1st and 2nd grade. The portion of vocabularies in higher grade than 4th was 35%. In the five websites, 41.3% vocabularies in 1st and 2nd grade were used. The mean reading level (calculated with weight) was 2.057 for the five leaflets and 2.050 for the five websites. These results indicated that the leaflets were easier to read than websites. But, both of them were not comprehensible to the majority of patients. CONCLUSION: All 10 patient information materials for hypertension were at higher readability level than high school level. As recommended levels of readability were lower than 2nd grade, educational materials need to be modified to meet the information needs for the people with low reading skills.

Readability of Patient Information on Hypertension in Korea

BACKGINFORMAROUND: Patient education is an important component of family practice. Pamphlets and the websites have been one of the most common resources for patient education. Patient information has been assessed using criteria with marks allocated for its content, design, readability. Up to present there have been studies on content, design but not readability. The WHO identifies readability as an essential tool for people to increase control over their health. Therefore, patient information should be assessed readability. The objective of our study was to assess patient information leaflets and the websites on hypertension to determine the readability of information currently available to patients. METHODS: Ten leaflets were reviewed, five form the internet and five from other sources. A total of ten subjects were assessed for readability using 'grading system of vocabulary' presented by the Academy of Korea Education in 2002. RESULTS: In five leaflets, about 41.3% vocabularies were comprised of 1st and 2nd grade. The portion of vocabularies in higher grade than 4th was 35%. In the five websites, 41.3% vocabularies in 1st and 2nd grade were used. The mean reading level (calculated with weight) was 2.057 for the five leaflets and 2.050 for the five websites. These results indicated that the leaflets were easier to read than websites. But, both of them were not comprehensible to the majority of patients. CONCLUSION: All 10 patient information materials for hypertension were at higher readability level than high school level. As recommended levels of readability were lower than 2nd grade, educational materials need to be modified to meet the information needs for the people with low reading skills.